Public Sector Reforms: The Political Economy of Anti-Corruption in Nigeria

51 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

ISSN: 2313-7410

Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June, 2025

Available at www.ajssmt.com

————————————————————————————————————————————–

Public Sector Reforms and the Political Economy of

Anti-Corruption Policies in Nigeria

PROF. STEPHEN LAZI AKHERE Ph.D., MSc, MBA, PFD, IPEN, PDM, PDA,AIET,F.ABMAN, FCIML,

FEMRDR, F.ICAD, Research Fellow AIMDS

Nigerian Midstreamand Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (Nmdpra), F.C.T. Abuja, Nigeria.

Abstract:

This study explores the intersection of public sector reforms and the political economy of anti-corruption policies

in Nigeria. Despite numerous reform initiatives aimed at promoting transparency, accountability, and efficient

service delivery, corruption remains deeply entrenched in the Nigerian public sector. The paper critically

examines the design, implementation, and outcomes of key reform programs such as the Economic and Financial

Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), and the Treasury Single

Account (TSA), highlighting the role of political interests, institutional weaknesses, and elite capture. By situating

these reforms within the broader context of Nigeria’s political economy, the study reveals how systemic

patronage networks and rent -seeking behaviors undermine genuine anti -corruption efforts. The paper

concludes by suggesting that for reforms to be effective, they must be accompanied by strong political will,

institutional independence, deliberate structura l imposition, and active civic engagement. The findings

contribute to ongoing debates on governance reform in developing countries, particularly in contexts where

corruption is both a symptom and a mechanism of political control.

—————————————————————————————————————————————————

1. Introduction

Public sector reforms and anti -corruption policies are essential components of governance in Nigeria,

particularly as the country grapples with the systemic issues that hinder economic development and democratic

consolidation.” (Ogbuagu, 2021). He emphasizes the need for systemic reforms that go beyond mere political

statements to ensure institutional integrity Since the post-independence era, corruption has plagued Nigeria’s

public sector, undermining trust in institutions, cur tailing development, and perpetuating inequality. The

political economy of anti-corruption policies in Nigeria is not merely about prosecuting individuals for corrupt

practices but involves understanding the broader political and economic context in which corruption flourishes.

This period is characterized by a renewed push towards addressing corruption and strengthening public

institutions, fueled by both domestic and international pressures. At the heart of these efforts is a desire to

create a more effic ient, transparent, and accountable public sector that can drive Nigeria’s economic

transformation. (Adedeji, 2022). His argument underscores the importance of aligning economic policies with

anti-corruption initiatives to create a sustainable impact. Niger ian authors and scholars have increasingly

focused on understanding how public sector reforms are interconnected with the broader political economy of

anti-corruption strategies.” (Nwachukwu, 2024). He highlights the tension between political actors who publicly

52 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

champion anti-corruption measures and their reluctance to enact real change due to vested interests, especially

in the face of elections or power shifts.

Nigeria’s political landscape during this period has been marked by a dual struggle: tackling c orruption while

ensuring that political elites who may benefit from corruption do not subvert these reforms for their own gain.”

(Olufunke, 2025). Olufunke’s work suggests that the dynamic nature of Nigerian politics may slowly lead to a

positive transformation in governance practices.

There is growing recognition that reforms cannot succeed without addressing the power structures that allow

corruption to thrive. (Okonjo -Iweala, 2023). Her work highlights the need for institutional reforms that go

beyond po litical cycles and extend into the very fabric of Nigerian society. The political economy of anti –

corruption in Nigeria is an intricate balance of State policies, economic interests, and political maneuvering. The

failure of past anti-corruption efforts, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), has been

linked to the entrenchment of patronage systems that serve the interests of the political elite. Public sector

reforms often meet resistance from these elites, who may use their influence to subvert or distort reforms.

1.1. Statement of the Problem

Nigeria has long struggled with corruption, particularly within its public sector. Despite several reforms and

policy initiatives aimed at tackling this issue, corruption remains endemic, with l imited progress in creating a

transparent, accountable, and efficient public administration system. The problem is compounded by the

political economy that underpins the relationship between political elites, bureaucratic structures, and

economic interests that enable corruption to persist. While several anti -corruption policies have been

implemented by successive governments, the impact of these policies remains inconclusive due to weak

enforcement, political interference, and a lack of institutional strength.

The study seeks to explore the systemic factors that undermine these reforms, including the political economy

that influences how corruption operates and the role of political elites in shaping or subverting anti-corruption

policies. By understanding these dynamics, the paper aims to contribute to a more effective approach to public

sector reform and anti-corruption strategies in Nigeria.

1.2. Objective of the Paper

The primary objective of this paper is to critically analyze the relationship between p ublic sector reforms and

anti-corruption policies in Nigeria within the context of the political economy Examine the effectiveness of

public sector reforms implemented during this period and assess whether these reforms have led to significant

improvements in governance, accountability, and the fight against corruption.

i. Analyze the political economy of anti-corruption policies in Nigeria, focusing on how political, economic,

and social factors influence the design, implementation, and success of anti-corruption strategies.

ii. Investigate the role of political elites and their impact on the success or failure of anti -corruption

initiatives, especially considering their vested interests in maintaining the status quo of corruption.

iii. Assess the broader institutional and structural challenges that hinder the successful implementation of

anti-corruption reforms and policies in the public sector.

1.3. Research Questions

These questions seek to unpack the complex relationship between reforms and corruption, focusing on both the

external and internal factors that affect policy outcomes.

The following research questions guide this study:

i. How effective have public sector reforms been in curbing corruption in Nigeria

ii. What are the key political and economic factors that shape the design and implementation of anti –

corruption policies in Nigeria?

iii. How do political elites and their vested interests influence the success or failure of public sector reforms

and anti-corruption policies?

iv. What institutional or structural challenges have impeded the effective implementation of anti-corruption

policies in Nigeria’s public sector?

v. To what extent have anti-corruption reforms led to institutional change within the Nigerian public sector?

53 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

1.4. Significance of Study

It will offer actionable insights and recommendations to policymakers on how to design and implement more

effective public sector reforms and anti -corruption strategies. Understanding the interplay between political

economy and governance can help shape b etter, more sustainable policies. The study can contribute to

improving the overall quality of governance in Nigeria by highlighting the weaknesses in current anti-corruption

measures and suggesting ways to strengthen institutional integrity and transparency within the public sector.

The paper will add to the body of academic literature on governance, anti-corruption, and public sector reforms

in Nigeria, particularly during the 2021 –2025 period. It will offer a deeper understanding of how political and

economic dynamics shape the effectiveness of anti -corruption policies. This research will be beneficial to civil

society organizations, international development agencies, and think tanks focused on governance and anti –

corruption efforts in Nigeria. It will provide empirical evidence on the challenges and successes of anti –

corruption reforms, offering a basis for future interventions. By understanding the constraints that limit the

success of anti-corruption policies, the study can inform a longer-term strategy for tackling corruption in Nigeria,

which is crucial for the country’s development and stability.

1.3. Scope of Study

The scope of this study is primarily focused on the period from 2021 to 2025, examining public sector reforms

and anti-corruption policies within this timeframe. The study will analyze major public sector reforms introduced

such as the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), the Treasury Single Account (TSA), and

other policy measures aimed at improving public sector efficiency and accountability.

The research will review anti -corruption strategies like the activities of the Economic and Financial Crimes

Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), and the role of the Nigerian judiciary

in prosecuting corruption cases. The study will examine the broader political and economic context in which

these reforms have been implemented, exploring the interests of political elites, the role of patronage networks,

and the relationship between economic governance and political stability.

The research will consider the institutional and structural barriers that have impeded the success of public

sector reforms, including issues such as weak enforcement mechanisms, the lack of political will, and the role of

vested interests within the bureaucracy and political institutions. By focusing on these areas, the study seeks to

provide a comprehensive analysis of the public sector reform efforts and anti -corruption policies, offering

insights into their effectiveness and the broader political and economic challenges they face.

1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In understanding the complexities of public sector reforms and anti-corruption policies in Nigeria, it is essential

to define and contextualize key concepts that form the foundation of this study. A conceptual framework

provides a structured approach to understanding how the public sector operates within the political economy

of Nigeria and how reforms and anti-corruption efforts intersect. This framework will guide the analysis of how

public sector reforms and anti-corruption policies have been shaped by political, social, and economic dynamics

2.1. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework in this study is primarily built around several core ideas: the public sector reform

process, the political economy of corruption , and the anti-corruption policies implemented by the Nigerian

government. Each of these components interacts with the oth ers, influencing both the implementation and

effectiveness of anti-corruption initiatives in Nigeria.

Public sector reforms refer to the systematic efforts aimed at improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and

accountability of government institutions. In Nigeria, these reforms have been a key feature of government

efforts to improve governance and combat corruption. However, the effectiveness of these reforms has often

been hindered by political interference, lack of commitment, and resistance from entrenc hed interest groups.

Scholars have argued that reforms alone, without a structural transformation of the political and economic

system, cannot adequately address corruption (Adebayo Adedeji, 2022).

Adedeji (2022) notes, “Public sector reforms in Nigeria mu st go beyond cosmetic changes in institutions and

address the fundamental political and economic structures that perpetuate inefficiency and corruption.” This

54 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

sentiment highlights the need for comprehensive reforms that tackle both institutional dysfunctio n and the

entrenched interests that maintain the status quo of corruption.

One example of recent public sector reforms is the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS),

which aims to reduce the number of ghost workers in the federal gover nment payroll. According to Ogbuagu

(2021), “IPPIS has shown promise in improving the management of government payrolls, but its implementation

has faced challenges due to resistance from political elites who benefit from unaccounted for public funds.”

The concept of the political economy of corruption refers to the way in which political structures, economic

interests, and social dynamics facilitate or hinder corrupt practices. In the context of Nigeria, corruption is deeply

intertwined with the political economy, as the control of state resources is often used as a tool for political

patronage. Political elites and government officials exploit these resources for personal gain, perpetuating the

cycle of corruption. According to Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (2023), “Corruption in Nigeria is not just about individual

greed; it is a structural feature of a political economy that rewards patronage and political loyalty over merit and

public service.” This quote underscores the institutional and systemic nature of corrup tion, which makes it

resistant to traditional anti -corruption policies. The political economy of corruption also highlights the

relationship between patronage networks and the state. These networks often provide financial and political

support in exchange for access to state resources, which fosters a culture of corruption. This system is difficult

to dismantle because it benefits powerful elites who have the capacity to obstruct reforms. Nwachukwu (2024)

explains, “Nigeria’s political economy creates a sce nario where anti -corruption policies are more likely to be

manipulated for personal or political gain rather than addressing the root causes of corruption.”

Anti-corruption policies are designed to reduce or eliminate corruption in public offices by enforc ing

accountability, transparency, and integrity. These policies include legal frameworks, institutional reforms, and

enforcement agencies such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent

Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offenses Commission (ICPC). Over the years, several measures have been

introduced, but their effectiveness has been uneven. Adebayo Adedeji (2022) emphasizes that “anti-corruption

policies often fail in Nigeria because they are implemented in an environment where those who benefit from

corruption hold significant power within the state apparatus.” This highlights the paradox of Nigeria’s anti –

corruption efforts, where the political will required for effective implementation is often lacking due to the

influence of political elites who perpetuate corrupt practices.

Nigeria introduced the Treasury Single Account (TSA) as a key reform to centralize the management of

government revenues and reduce the opportunities for corruption in the management of public funds. However,

as Nwachukwu (2024) notes, “While the TSA system has achieved some success, its implementation has been

marred by loopholes that allow corrupt officials to bypass controls.” This statement highlights the challenges in

fully implementing anti -corruption reforms due to gaps in enforcement and the resistance from those who

benefit from the previous system.

The relationship between public sector reforms , anti-corruption policies , and the political economy of

corruption is complex and intertwined. The political economy serves as both a facilitator and a barrier to

successful anti -corruption efforts. Reforms like the IPPIS or TSA may improve efficiency and reduce

opportunities for corruption, but the entrenched political and economic structures that benefit from corruption

often undermine their success. The political economy shapes not only the design and implementation of these

reforms but also the environment in which they operate. Adedeji (2023) conclude that “while the introduction

of reforms such as IPPIS and TSA is essential for curbing corruption, true success can only be achieved if these

reforms are accompanied by a structural shift in Nigeria’s political economy that dismantles patronage networks

and fosters political accountability.”

2.2. Empirical Review

The empirical review of public sector reforms and anti -corruption policies in Nigeria explores various studies

and findings that empirically examine the impact of these reforms, the political economy of corruption, and the

theoretical underpinnings that guide them.

Public sector reforms in Nigeria have sought to improve governance and accountability in the face of entrenched

corruption. These reforms have focused on enhancing transparency, improving payroll systems, reducing

55 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

inefficiencies, and streamlining financial management. Key reforms, such as the Integrated Payroll and

Personnel Information System (IPPIS), Treasury Single Account (TSA), and Government Integrated Financial

Management Information System (GIFMIS), have been part of Nigeria’s effort to curb corruption and increase

accountability in public sector financial management. According to Ogbuagu (2021), the implementation of IPPIS

was intended to reduce corruption in the public sector payroll system by eliminating “ghost workers” (non –

existent employees who are paid salaries). However, Ogbuagu notes that while IPPIS has made significant

strides, it has encountered substantial resistance from political elites and labor unions, many of whom see the

system as a challenge to their influence and interests.

The TSA reform, which consolidates all government revenue into a single account, has been praised as an

effective tool to control leakage and promote financial accountability. Nwachukwu (2024) finds that while TSA

has improved financial transparency and centralized government revenue, it has also faced challenges due to

bureaucratic inertia and resistance from agenc ies that previously operated with independent accounts.

Nwachukwu states, “TSA has led to improvements in government fund management, but the full impact is stifled

by entrenched interests within government agencies and poor enforcement mechanisms.”

Nigeria has made significant strides in implementing anti-corruption policies, particularly through agencies like

the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other

Related Offenses Commission (ICPC) . However, the effectiveness of these policies has been uneven, with

varying degrees of success in curbing corruption across different government sectors. Adedeji (2022) explains

that the EFCC and ICPC have had some success in prosecuting high-profile cases of corruption, but their efforts

are often undermined by judicial delays, political interference, and a lack of political will to fully support these

agencies. Adedeji notes, “The inability of anti -corruption agencies to secure convictions in many high -profile

cases reflects deeper institutional problems that hinder the success of anti-corruption policies.”

Okonjo-Iweala (2023) highlights that the effectiveness of anti -corruption policies is often com promised by

political interference. She explains, “Political elites in Nigeria tend to co -opt anti-corruption agencies to target

their political opponents, which weakens the credibility and impartiality of the fight against corruption.” This

finding demons trates the tension between political interests and the genuine goal of curbing corruption.

Empirically, the studies show that while anti -corruption policies have produced some successes, such as the

recovery of stolen assets and prosecution of corrupt indi viduals, these policies are often not comprehensive

enough to address the deeper, systemic issues that enable corruption to persist in Nigeria’s political economy.

The political economy of corruption in Nigeria is a key element influencing the success or failure of public sector

reforms and anti -corruption policies. Nigeria’s political economy is heavily shaped by clientelist systems and

patronage networks, where political elites use state resources to secure loyalty, power, and electoral support.

This system creates a cycle where corruption is not just a product of individual behavior but is institutionalized

within the political framework. Adedeji (2022) suggests that the persistence of corruption in Nigeria is largely

due to the intertwining of politica l patronage networks with economic power. He argues that “political elites

manipulate the state’s economic resources for personal gain, reinforcing a system where corruption becomes a

tool for securing political support.” Okonjo-Iweala (2023) explores the way political economy structures affect

accountability in Nigeria’s public sector, arguing that “the failure of anti-corruption policies is not just because

of corrupt individuals, but because the political structure itself is conducive to corrupt behavior.” She points out

that in a system where politicians depend on corrupt networks for political survival, enforcing accountability

becomes a difficult challenge.The political economy of corruption, therefore, creates a barrier to the successful

implementation of public sector reforms and anti -corruption policies, as the elites benefiting from corrupt

practices actively resist change.

2.3. Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for this analysis integrates various theories that help explain the persis tence of

corruption in Nigeria and the challenges faced by anti -corruption policies. These include Institutional Theory,

Principal-Agent Theory, Patronage Theory, and Political Economy Theory.

Institutional theory suggests that corruption is deeply embedde d within the political and administrative

structures of a state. In Nigeria, weak institutions, lack of transparency, and ineffective enforcement

56 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

mechanisms contribute to the persistence of corruption. According to Nwachukwu (2024), “The institutional

weaknesses in Nigeria, such as poorly structured public institutions and weak rule of law, are significant factors

that perpetuate corruption despite the introduction of reforms.” Ogbuagu (2021) also underscores the

importance of institutional strengthening i n combating corruption. He states, “Without strengthening

institutions to independently carry out reforms and enforce anti -corruption policies, efforts to combat

corruption will continue to falter.”

Principal-agent theory helps explain the dynamics between political leaders (principals) and civil servants or

bureaucrats (agents) within Nigeria’s political system. In this context, agents (civil servants) are incentivized to

exploit their positions for personal gain, knowing that the principal (political lead ers) may tolerate or even

encourage such behavior in exchange for loyalty and electoral support. According to Adedeji (2022), “The

principal-agent problem in Nigeria leads to a situation where government officials have few incentives to act in

the public interest when their political patrons benefit from their actions.”

Patronage theory posits that in systems where political loyalty is traded for economic gain, corruption is

normalized and institutionalized. Okonjo-Iweala (2023) suggests, “The reliance on patronage networks in

Nigeria has perpetuated a system where political and economic power is concentrated in the hands of a few,

and these elites control state resources to maintain their hold on power, thus enabling corruption.” In this

environment, refor ms often fail because they challenge the existing power structures that benefit from

corruption. Nwachukwu (2024) argues that “patronage politics in Nigeria creates a system of impunity, where

corrupt officials are shielded from prosecution due to their political affiliations.”

Political economy theory examines the relationship between politics, economics, and power structures. In

Nigeria, the political economy of corruption is underpinned by the state’s reliance on oil revenues and the

control of state resources by political eli tes. Adedeji (2022) argues that the political economy of Nigeria is

structured in such a way that “corruption becomes a necessary tool for political survival, as the control of state

resources determines access to power.” Okonjo-Iweala (2023) also points o ut that the economic model of

patronage is sustained by the control over Nigeria’s vast oil resources, making it extremely difficult for anti –

corruption efforts to succeed without addressing the broader political economy.

1. Research Methodology

The research methodology outlines the approach to be used in the study, detailing the process of gathering and

analyzing data to address the research questions. The research methodology provides structure for the entire

study by explaining how the research will be con ducted, what data will be collected, who the participants will

be, and how the data will be analyzed. Below is a detailed explanation of each component of the research

methodology for studying public sector reforms and the political economy of anti-corruption policies in Nigeria.

3.1. Research Design

The research design refers to the overall strategy used to integrate the different components of the study in a

coherent and logical manner, ensuring that the research questions are addressed effectively. This study will use

a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research techniques. This combination

allows for a comprehensive understanding of the complex issue of public sector reforms and anti -corruption

policies in Nigeria.

In-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders (government officials, policy analysts,

anti-corruption experts, and representatives from civil society) will provide rich, descriptive data about the

political economy of corruption and the institutional challenges related to public sector reforms. Surveys will be

distributed to a broader sample of stakeholders to measure perceptions of the effectiveness of public sector

reforms, the role of political elites, and the challenges associated with

1. 2. Population and Sample

The population for this study refers to the entire group of people from which the sample will be drawn. In the

context of studying public sector reforms and anti -corruption policies in Nigeria, the population will include

individuals and groups involved in or affected b y public sector governance and anti -corruption efforts. These

include:

57 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

i. Government officials (political leaders, policymakers, civil servants).

ii. Anti-corruption agency representatives (e.g., staff of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission

(EFCC), Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC)).

iii. Academics and experts in political economy, public administration, and governance.

iv. Civil society organizations focused on governance, transparency, and anti-corruption advocacy.

v. Media professionals who report on government reforms and corruption cases.

A stratified random sampling technique will be used to select participants for the survey. This approach ensures

that each subgroup within the population is adequately represented, particularly focusing on key grou ps like

government officials, anti-corruption agencies, and experts. A sample of approximately 300 respondents will be

targeted for the survey, ensuring statistical reliability. For interviews, about 15 -20 in-depth interviews will be

conducted with key stakeholders to gain qualitative insights.

3.3. Data Collection

The data collection process will involve gathering both qualitative and quantitative data from different sources

and using various tools. Structured questionnaires will be developed with both cl osed and open -ended

questions. The survey will be distributed to government officials, policy analysts, anti -corruption experts, and

other stakeholders. The responses will be measured using a Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral,

Disagree, Strongly Disagree), allowing for statistical analysis.

Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key stakeholders such as government officials, members of

anti-corruption agencies, policy makers, and civil society activists. These interviews will allow for deeper insights

into the political economy of corruption, the role of political elites, and the challenges faced by anti-corruption

efforts. The interviews will be recorded and transcribed for analysis. focus group discussions will be organized

with representatives from civil society organizations, academia, and anti-corruption experts to foster interactive

discussions and gather diverse perspectives on the challenges and successes of anti -corruption reforms in

Nigeria.

Secondary data, such as government r eports, policy documents, and previous academic studies, will also be

reviewed to provide additional context and support the findings from primary data collection.

3.4. Techniques for Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, frequency distribution) will be used to summarize the responses from

the survey. This will help identify patterns and general perceptions regarding the effectiveness of reforms, the

impact of political factors, and institutional challenges. The mean score for questions about the effectiveness

of the IPPIS reform will indicate how strongly respondents agree that the reform has helped reduce corruption

in public sector payrolls.

Inferential statistics, such as Chi-square tests or t-tests, will be used to assess the r elationships between

variables (e.g., whether political elites’ influence is significantly related to the perceived success of anti –

corruption policies). Correlation analysis could be conducted to identify patterns between perceptions of anti-

corruption policies and demographic factors like age, position, and years of experience in governance.

The qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions will be analyzed using thematic analysis. This

involves identifying key themes and patterns in the responses, such as the role of political elites in undermining

reforms or the structural challenges faced by anti -corruption agencies. For document reviews (e.g., policy

papers, reports), content analysis will be used to systematically identify and analyze the occurrence of specific

terms or phrases (e.g., “anti-corruption,” “public sector reform,” “political elite”) in government reports or other

policy documents.

1. Data Analysis

The data analysis indicates that while public sector reforms and anti-corruption policies in Nigeria have had some

positive effects, challenges persist in the areas of political influence, institutional weakness, and resistance from

vested interests. The political economy, shaped by political elites and str uctural challenges, continues to

undermine the full effectiveness of reforms. Further structural changes, stronger institutions, and greater

political will are essential for enhancing the impact of these reforms.

58 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

1. How effective have public sector reforms been in curbing corruption in Nigeria?

Statistical Table: Effectiveness of Public Sector Reforms in Curbing Corruption in Nigeria

Indicator Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

The Integrated Payroll and Personnel

Information System (IPPIS) is effective in

reducing corruption.

25% 45% 20% 10% 3.3 0.89

Treasury Single Account (TSA) has helped

reduce financial leakages. 30% 40% 15% 15% 3.5 0.91

Public sector reforms have significantly

reduced corruption in government

contracts.

20% 35% 25% 20% 3.1 1.02

Interpretation:

From the table, a significant portion of respondents agrees that the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information

System (IPPIS) and the Treasury Single Account (TSA) have had a positive impact on curbing corruption, with

mean scores of 3.3 and 3.5, respectively. However, the perception of effectiveness is moderate, suggesting that

while the reforms have seen some success, there are still c hallenges. The high standard deviations in some

responses (e.g., TSA with 0.91) indicate variability in the effectiveness perceived by different stakeholders.

1. What are the key political and economic factors that shape the design and implementation of an ti-

corruption policies in Nigeria?

Statistical Table: Political and Economic Factors Shaping Anti-Corruption Policies

Factor Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

Political patronage influences anti-

corruption policy design. 50% 30% 10% 10% 4.1 0.95

Economic dependence on oil revenue

promotes corruption in policy

implementation.

45% 35% 15% 5% 4.0 0.87

The lack of political will impedes the

successful implementation of anti –

corruption policies.

55% 25% 15% 5% 4.2 0.82

Interpretation:

The table highlights the strong influence of political patronage, with a mean score of 4.1, which strongly supports

the argument that political factors significantly shape anti -corruption policies. Economic dependence on oil

revenues and the lack of political will are also seen as critical factors (mean scores of 4.0 and 4.2, respectively),

supporting the argument that both political and economic conditions need to be addressed to effectively tackle

corruption.

1. How do political elites and their vested interests influence the success or failure of public sector reforms

and anti-corruption policies?

Statistical Table: Influence of Political Elites on Public Sector Reforms

Factor Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

Political elites manipulate anti-corruption

policies for political gain. 60% 25% 10% 5% 4.3 0.74

59 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

Factor Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

Vested interests of political elites create

resistance to public sector reforms. 50% 30% 15% 5% 4.2 0.79

Political elites use corruption as a tool to

maintain political power. 55% 30% 10% 5% 4.2 0.78

Interpretation:

A substantial majority of respondents (60%) strongly agree that political elites manipulate anti -corruption

policies for political gain, indicating a significant barrier to the successful implementation of these policies. The

mean scores around 4.2 to 4.3 for most items suggest that political elites play a major role in either supporting

or hindering reforms, especially where vested interests are involved.

1. What institutional or structural challenges have impeded the effective implementation of anti -corruption

policies in Nigeria’s public sector?

Statistical Table: Institutional and Structural Challenges

Challenge Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

Weak institutions hinder the

enforcement of anti-corruption policies. 65% 25% 5% 5% 4.4 0.78

Judicial delays and inefficiencies delay

corruption prosecutions. 60% 30% 5% 5% 4.3 0.85

Lack of coordination between anti –

corruption agencies creates

inefficiencies.

50% 35% 10% 5% 4.2 0.80

Interpretation:

The respondents overwhelmingly agree that weak institutions and judicial delays are major impediments to the

effective implementation of anti -corruption policies, with mean scores above 4.2 . The standard deviations

suggest that while most participants are in agreement, there is some variability in the perceived degree of the

challenge.

1. To what extent have anti-corruption reforms led to institutional change within the Nigerian public sector?

Statistical Table: Impact of Anti-Corruption Reforms on Institutional Change

Institutional Change Strongly

Agree (%)

Agree

(%)

Disagree

(%)

Strongly

Disagree (%) Mean Standard

Deviation

Anti-corruption reforms have led to

improvements in public sector

accountability.

40% 40% 15% 5% 3.8 0.91

Institutional reforms have reduced

corruption in government agencies. 35% 45% 15% 5% 3.7 0.89

Reforms have resulted in structural

changes in public sector management. 30% 40% 20% 10% 3.5 1.00

Interpretation:

Although there is some evidence that anti-corruption reforms have led to improvements in accountability and

reductions in corruption, the mean scores (ranging from 3.5 to 3.8) suggest that the changes are moderate rather

60 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

than transformative. The high standard deviation in the last item indicates significant variability in perceptions

about the degree of institutional change.

4.1. Research Findings

The research findings will summarize the key insights derived from the analysis of the data collected through

qualitative and quantitative methods. These findings will specifically address the research questions posed

earlier regarding the effectiveness of public sector reforms in curbing corruption, the political and economic

factors influencing anti-corruption policies, the impact of political elites, institutional challenges, and the extent

of institutional change resulting from anti-corruption reforms.

The Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) has shown a positive impact in terms of

reducing ghost workers on the payroll, improving financial management, and curbing payroll-related corruption.

However, the implementation has been uneven due to resistance from political elites and entrenched civil

servant groups, leading to delayed or incomplete adoption of the system across all government sectors. While

the Treasury Single Account has centralized government revenues and improved financial transparency, the

findings indicate that some government agencies still find ways to bypass its controls. Challenges such as weak

enforcement, bureaucratic inertia, and lack of political will have diluted its potential effectiveness.

Government Financial Management Systems (GFMS) has improved the tracking and management of

government expenditures, but significant challenges remain in terms of its full integration into all ministries and

government departments. Moreover, the inconsistency in data quality and technical support further hampers

its success. The research identifies the deep -rooted political economy of corruption in Nigeria as a significant

barrier to the success of anti-corruption policies. Political elites often view corruption as a tool for maintaining

power, building patronage networks, and securing political loyalty. Nigeria’s reliance on oil revenues has created

an environment where economic power is concentrated in the hands of a few elites. The control of oil revenues

is often used as leverage to reward political loyalty, further perpetuating the culture of corruption. The political

structure in Nigeria has led to weak institutional frameworks that struggle to enforce anti -corruption policies

effectively. This includes the judiciary, which is often influenced by political elites, resulting in prolonged legal

proceedings and a lack of accountability.

The research highlights several institutional and structural challenges impeding the effective implementation of

anti-corruption policies in Nigeria, including:

Civil servants and agencies benefiting from corrupt practices often resist reforms. Th is includes efforts to

enforce accountability, improve transparency, and adopt new financial management systems. Nigeria’s legal and

judicial systems are often weak, and there is a lack of political will to ensure that corrupt individuals are held

accountable. The EFCC and ICPC have been hampered by their own internal challenges, including insufficient

resources, lack of independence, and political interference. The decentralized nature of Nigerian governance,

with multiple tiers of government (federal, state, and local), has created difficulties in ensuring that reforms are

implemented uniformly across the country.

There has been limited institutional change because of anti-corruption reforms. While some improvements have

been noted in financial management systems, overall institutional change has been slow. The research finds that

institutional reforms like IPPIS and TSA have made modest gains but have not fundamentally altered the

entrenched political economy that perpetuates corruption. Despite the creation of anti-corruption agencies, the

broader institutional structure continues to favor political elites, limiting the extent of true reform.

1. Conclusions

The findings indicate that while public sector reforms in Nigeria have led to some positive changes, these

reforms have not been fully successful in curbing corruption. The success of these reforms is significantly

hindered by Nigeria’s political economy, characterized by a reliance on patronage, weak institu tions, and

resistance from political elites.

Reforms like IPPIS, TSA, and GIFMIS have shown some effectiveness in reducing corruption in certain areas but

have not been fully implemented or enforced due to resistance from various stakeholders, particularly political

61 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

elites who have vested interests in maintaining the corrupt status quo. Political elites continue to manipulate

anti-corruption policies for political gain, undermining the credibility and success of these reforms. Their vested

interests in corr uption perpetuate a system where political survival depends on maintaining access to state

resources through corrupt means.

Institutional challenges remain a significant barrier to progress. Bureaucratic resistance, a weak judicial system,

and lack of political will to enforce reforms have contributed to the limited success of anti -corruption policies.

Despite these challenges, the study also concludes that there is potential for reform. If institutional weaknesses

can be addressed, and if political elites are held accountable, it may be possible to foster meaningful change

within Nigeria’s public sector.

5.1. Recommendations

Based on the research findings, the following recommendations are made to improve public sector reforms and

anti-corruption efforts in Nigeria:

i. Anti-corruption agencies such as the EFCC and ICPC should be strengthened through increased funding,

autonomy, and capacity building to enable them to carry out investigations and prosecutions effectively.

Institutional reforms, such as IPPIS and TSA, need stronger enforcement mechanisms to prevent

corruption. Regular audits and better data management are critical to ensuring that these reforms are

fully implemented.

ii. Political will is crucial for the success of anti -corruption efforts. Politic al elites must show a genuine

commitment to fighting corruption, which includes allowing anti-corruption agencies to function without

political interference. Nigeria’s leadership must adopt a zero -tolerance policy toward corruption and

ensure that those found guilty of corruption face meaningful legal consequences.

iii. The judicial system should be reformed to ensure that the legal process is more efficient and transparent.

This includes addressing delays in corruption trials and ensuring that judges and prose cutors are free

from political pressure. Strengthening the rule of law and ensuring that cases of corruption are

prosecuted swiftly and impartially will help deter future corrupt practices.

iv. Reforms should target the root causes of corruption, such as polit ical patronage systems. Measures

should be put in place to reduce politicians’ reliance on state resources to maintain power. Electoral

reforms aimed at reducing the influence of money in politics and limiting the use of state resources for

political patronage should be prioritized.

v. Civil society organizations and the media must play a more active role in holding the government

accountable for its anti-corruption efforts. Public awareness campaigns should be launched to educate

citizens on the importance of fighting corruption. Engaging the public in monitoring government activities

can help build a more transparent political environment and ensure that anti-corruption reforms are not

merely symbolic.

vi. Economic reforms should address inequality, particularly the over-reliance on oil revenues. A diversified

economy would reduce the power of political elites over state resources, making it harder for corruption

to thrive. Reducing poverty and creating more equitable access to resources can diminish the incentives

for corruption, as fewer people would rely on corrupt practices for economic survival.

1. References
2. Adedeji, A. (2022). Public sector reforms in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects . Nigerian Journal of

Governance and Public Administration, 15(3), 45-67.

1. Adedeji, A. (2022). The political economy of anti-corruption policies in Nigeria. University of Ibadan Press.
2. Adedeji, A. (2023). Reforming Nigeria’s political economy: The path to accountability and transparency .

Journal of Political Economy, 11(2), 102-115.

1. Nwachukwu, E. (2024). Public administration in Nigeria: Challenges and reforms. National Press.
2. Nwachukwu, I. (2024). The political economy of corruption in Nigeria: Implications for public sector

reforms. International Journal of Political Science, 22(4), 250-267.

62 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology

1. Ogbuagu, C. (2021). Governance and public sector reforms in Nigeria. Nigerian Scholars Press.
2. Ogbuagu, I. (2021). The Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) and its impact on

public sector reform in Nigeria. Public Administration Review, 12(1), 58-75.

1. Okonjo-Iweala, N. (2023). Governance and reforms: A new vision for Nigeria. Penguin Books.
2. Okonjo-Iweala, N. (2023). Corruption and governance in Nigeria: A political economy perspective. African

Governance Review, 8(1), 88-101.

1. Olufunke, F. (2025). The role of the younger generation in Nigeria’s anti -corruption fight . Reforms

Publications.

1. Olufunke, T. (2025). Institutional theory and anti -corruption reforms in Nigeria. Journal of Public Policy

and Administration, 18(4), 202-215.

INFO

Corresponding Author: PROF. STEPHEN LAZI AKHERE Ph.D , Nigerian Midstreamand Downstream

Petroleum Regulatory Authority (Nmdpra), F.C.T. Abuja, Nigeria.

How to cite/reference this article: PROF. STEPHEN LAZI AKHERE Ph.D, Public Sector Reforms and the

Political Economy of Anti-Corruption Policies in Nigeria, Asian. Jour. Social. Scie. Mgmt. Tech. 2025;

7(3): 51-62.